THE USAGE OF PNEUMA Pneuma = Spirit, is the Greek word corresponding with the Heb. ruach in
the Old Testament. The usage of the latter will be found in Ap. 9, and should
be compared with this appendix. As to the Greek word ( pneuma ): we must
consider:
The above 385 occurrences in the Received Text are thus rendered in the
A.V. :--
In the margin :-- "Breath" is given twice as an alternative for
"spirit", and once for "life". II. The usages of pneuma . 1. GOD . "God is pneuma " (Joh_4:24). Not "a" spirit, for there is
no indefinite Article in the Greek. 2. CHRIST , as in 1Co_6:17;
1Co_15:45; and especially 2Co_3:17; 2Co_3:18
( = the pneuma of v . 2Co_3:6 -, &c.). 3. THE HOLY SPIRIT , generally with the Article,
denoting the Giver, as distinct from His gifts. See No. 14, p. 147. After a
preposition the Article is sometimes to be understood, as being latent. 4. THE OPERATIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT , in the
bestowal of spiritual gifts, as in 1Co_12:4-11. 5. THE NEW NATURE in the child of God, because
"begotten" in us by God, as in Joh_3:3-7.
1Jn_5:1; 1Jn_5:4.
See note on Mat_1:1. This is more especially
the Pauline usage : spirit as opposed to what is of the flesh (Joh_3:6. Rom_8:4).
Hence called " pneuma Theou " ( = Divine pneuma (Rom_8:9. 1Co_7:40;
1Co_12:3), and pneuma Christou ( = Christ
pneuma ) in Rom_8:9. 6. MAN ( psychologically ), pneuma being
imparted to man, making him "a living psuche " ( = "a living
soul", or being, as in Gen_2:7. Psa_104:29; Psa_104:30.
Ecc_12:7). When taken back to and by God,
man, without pneuma, becomes and is called "a dead soul" in each of
the thirteen occurrences rendered in A.V. "dead body", &c. See
Ap. 13. ix, p. 21). 7. CHARACTER , as being in itself invisible, and
manifested only in one’s actions, &c. Rom_8:15. (2Ti_1:7,
&c.). 8. OTHER INVISIBLE CHARACTERISTICS (by Fig. Metonymy
, Ap. 6): such as feelings or desires (Mat_26:41,
&c.); or that which is supernatural. 9. MAN ( physiologically ), pneuma being put by
Fig. Synecdoche (Ap. 6) for the whole person; a part for the whole (as in Luk_1:47, "my spirit" = I myself). See
Ap. 9. VII. 10. ADVERBIALLY . But this is only once in the
A.V., where it is translated "spirituality" in Rom_8:6. Cp. the R.V. rendering. 11. ANGELS, OR SPIRIT BEINGS . As in Act_8:29. Heb_1:7;
Heb_1:14. 1Pe_3:19.
Rev_1:4. 12. DEMONS or evil spirit beings, as in Mar_7:25; Mar_7:26.
Luk_10:17; Luk_10:20,
&c. 13. THE RESURRECTION BODY , as in 1Co_15:45. 1Pe_3:18;
1Pe_4:6. 14. Pneuma hagion = holy spirit, and is so
printed in The Companion Bible . This usage (without Articles) occurs 52 times
in the N.T., and is always wrongly rendered "the Holy Spirit" (with
the definite Article, and capital letters). Consequently there is no stronger
rendering available when there are two Articles present in the Greek ( to
pneuma to hagion ), which means "the Spirit the Holy [Spirit]".
Hence, the English reader can never tell which of the two very different Greek
expressions he is reading. The following are the 52 occurrences of pneuma hagion . Those marked *
are the subject of a various reading, and h.p. denotes hagion pneuma : Mat_1:18; Mat_1:20;
Mat_3:11. Mar_1:8.
Luk_1:15; Luk_1:35;
Luk_1:41; Luk_1:67;
Luk_2:25; Luk_3:16;
Luk_4:1; Luk_11:13.
Joh_1:33; Joh_7:39;
Joh_20:22. Act_1:2;
Act_1:5; Act_2:4;
Act_4:8; *Act_4:31;
Act_6:3; Act_6:5;
Act_7:55; Act_8:15;
Act_8:17; Act_8:19;
Act_9:17; Act_10:38;
Act_11:16; Act_11:24;
Act_13:9; Act_13:52;
Act_19:2. Rom_5:5;
Rom_9:1; Rom_14:17;
Rom_15:13; Rom_15:16.
*1Co_2:13; 1Co_6:19
h.p .; 1Co_12:3. 2Co_6:6.
1Th_1:5; 1Th_1:6.
2Ti_1:14. Tit_3:5.
Heb_2:4; Heb_6:4.
1Pe_1:12. 2Pe_1:21.
Jud_1:20. (*1) Luk_2:40; Luk_9:55. Act_18:5.
Rom_8:1. 1Co_6:20.
Eph_5:9. 1Ti_4:12.
1Pe_1:22. 1Jn_5:7. |
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