Appendix 6

FIGURES OF SPEECH / 비유적 표현.

See the book: Figures of Speech used in the Bible

It is most important to notice these. It is absolutely necessary for true interpretation. God’s Word is made up of "words which the Holy Ghost teacheth" (1Co_2:13. 1Th_2:13. 2Ti_3:16. 2Pe_1:21, &c.).

A "Figure of speech" relates to the form in which the words are used. It consists in the fact that a word or words are used out of their ordinary sense, or place, or manner, for the purpose of attracting our attention to what is thus said. A Figure of speech is a deigned and legitimate departure from the laws of language, in order to emphasize what is said. Hence in such Figures we have the Holy Spirit’s own marking, so to speak, of His own words.

This peculiar form or unusual manner may not be true, or so true, to the literal meaning of the words; but it is more true to their real sense, and truer to truth. Figures are never used but for the sake of emphasis. They can never, therefore, be ignored. Ignorance of Figures of speech has led to the grossest errors, which have been caused either from taking literally what is figurative, or from taking figuratively what is literal.

The Greeks and Romans named some hundreds of such figures. They may be divided into three classes: Figures which involve: --

1.    omission ;

2.    the addition ; or

3.    the alteration or change , of a word, or words, or their sense.

The 181 which follow are arranged in alphabetical order for the sake of reference.

In Gen_3:14; Gen_3:15 we have some of the earliest examples. By interpreting these figures literally as meaning "belly", "dust", "heel", "head", we lose the volumes of precious and mysterious truth which they convey and intensify. It is the truth which is literal, while the words employed are figurative. (See under Ap. 19.)
In the marginal notes will be found the names of most of these figures; and we append a list with their pronunciation and English definitions (giving one or more references as examples):--

Ac-cis’-mus ; or, Apparent Refusal

(Mat_15:22-26). So named because it is an apparent or assumed refusal.

Ac-ro’-stichion; or, Acrostic

(Psalm 119). Repetition of the same or successive letters at the beginnings of words or clauses.

Æ-nig’-ma; or, Dark Saying

(Gen_49:10. Jdg_14:14). A truth expressed in obscure language.

Æ’-ti-o-log’-ia; or Cause Shown

(Rom_1:16). Rendering a reason for what is said or done.

Affirmatio; or, Affirmation

(Php_1:18). Emphasising words to affirm what no one has disputed.

Ag’-an-ac-te’-sis; or Indignation

(Gen_3:13. Act_13:10). An expression of feeling by way of indignation.

Al’-le-go-ry; or, Continued Comparison by Reprensentation (Metaphor)

(Gen_49:9. Gal_4:22; Gal_4:24),

and Implication (Hypocatastasis) (Mat_7:3-5). Teaching a truth about one thing by substituting another for it which is unlike it.

Am-oe-bae’-on; or, Refrain

(Psalm 136). The repetition of the same phrase at the end successive paragraphs.

Am’-phi-di-or-tho’-sis; or, Double Correction

(1Co_11:22). A correction setting right both hearer and speaker.

Am’-pli-a’-tio; or, Adjournment

(Gen_2:23. 1Sa_30:5). A retaining of an old name after the reason for it has passed away.

An-ab’-a-sis; or, Gradual Ascent

(Psa_18:37; Psa_18:38). An increase of emphasis or sense in successive sentences.

An-acho’-re-sis; or, Regression

(Eph_3:14). A return to the original subject after a digression.

An’-a-coe-no-sis; or, Common Cause

(1Co_4:21). An appeal to others as having interests in common.

An’-a-co-lu’-thon; or, Non-Sequence

(Gen_35:3. Mar_11:32). A breaking off the sequence of thought.

An’-a-di-plo’-sis; or, Like Sentence Endings and Beginnings

(Gen_1:1; Gen_1:2. Psa_121:1; Psa_121:2). The word or words concluding one sentence are repeated at the beginning of another.

An’-a-mne’-sis; or, Recalling

(Rom_9:3). An expression of feeling by way of recalling to mind.

An-a’-pho-ra; or, Like Sentence Beginnings

(Deu_28:3-6). The repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive sentences.

An-a’-stro-phe; or, Arraignment

(Act_7:48). The position of one word changed, so as to be out of its proper or usaul place in a sentence.

An’-e-sis; or Abating

(2Ki_5:1). The addition of a concluding sentence which diminishes the effect of what has been said.

Ant-eis’-a-go-ge; or, Counter Question

(Mat_21:23-25). The answering of one quetion by asking another.

An-throp’-o-path-ei’-a; or, Condescension

(Gen_1:2; Gen_8:21. Psa_74:11. Jer_2:13. Hos_11:10). Ascribing to God what belongs to human and rational beings, irrational creatures, or inanimate things.

Ant-i-cat’-e-gor’-ia; or, Tu Quoque

(Eze_18:25). Retorting upon another the very insinuation or accusation he has made against us.

Ant’-i-me’-rei-a; or, Exchange of Parts of Speech.

1.    Of the Verb. The Verb used istead of some other part of speech (Gen_32:24. Luk_7:21).

2.    Of the Adverb. The Adverb used instead of some other part of speech (Gen_30:33. Luk_10:29).

3.    Of the Adjective. The Adjective used instead of some other part of speech (Gen_1:9. Heb_6:17).

4.    Of the Noun. The Noun used instead of some other part of speech (Gen_23:6. Jam_1:25).

Ant-i-me-tab’-o-le; or, Counterchange

(Gen_4:4; Gen_4:5. Isa_5:20). A word or words repeated in a revers order, with the object of opposing them to one another.

Ant-i-met-a-the’-sis; or, Dialogue

(1Co_7:16). A transference of speakers; as when the reader is addressed as if actually present.

Ant-i’-phras-is; or, Permutation

(Gen_3:22). The use of a word or phrase in a sense opposite to its original signification.

Ant’-i-pros-o’-po-poe-i-a; or Anti-Personification

(2Sa_16:9). Persons represented as inanimate things.

Ant’-i-ptos’-is; or, Exchange of Cases

(Exo_19:6, compare to 1Pe_2:9). One Case is put for another Case, the governing Noun being used as the Adjective instead of the Noun in regimen .

Ant-i’-stro-phe; or, Retort

(Mat_15:26; Mat_15:27). Turning the words of a speaker against himself.

Ant-i’-thes-is; or, Contrast

(Pro_15:17). A setting of one phrase in contrast with another.

Ant’-o-no-ma’-si-a or, Name Change

(Gen_31:21). The putting of a proper name for a Appellative or common Noun, or the reverse.

Aph-aer’-e-sis; or, Front Cut

(Jer_22:24). The cutting off of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word.

Ap’-o-di-ox’-is; or, Detestation

(Mat_16:23). An expression of feeling by way of destestation.

Ap-o’-phas-is; or, Insinuation

(Phm_1:19.). When, professing to suppress certain matters, the writer adds the insinuation negatively.

A-po’-ria; or, Doubt

(Luk_16:3). An expression of feeling by way of doubt.

Ap-o-si-opes’-is; or, Sudden Silence

It may be associated with:-

1.    Some great promise (Exo_32:32).

2.    Anger and threatening (Gen_3:22).

3.    Grief and complaint (Gen_25:22. Psa_6:3).

4.    Inquiry and deprecation (Joh_6:62).

Ap-o’-stro-phe; or, Apostrophe

When the speaker turns away from the real auditory whom he is addressing to speak to another, who may be-

1.    God (Neh_6:9).

2.    Men (2Sa_1:24; 2Sa_1:25).

3.    Animals (Joe_2:22).

4.    Inanimate things (Jer_47:6).

Association; or, Inclusion

(Act_17:27). When the speaker associates himself with those whom he addresses, or of whom he speaks.

As’-ter-is’-mos; or, Indicating

(Psa_133:1). Employing some word which directs special attention to some paticular point or subject.

A-syn’-de-ton; or, No-Ands

(Mar_7:21-23. Luk_14:13). The usual conjunction is omitted, so that the point to be emphasised may be quickly reached and ended with an emphatic climax (compare to Polysyndeton, and Luk_14:21).

Bat-to-log’-i-a; or, Vain Repetition

(1Ki_18:26). Not used by the Holy Spirit: only by man.

Ben’-e-dic’-ti-o; or, Blessing

(Gen_1:22; Gen_1:28. Mat_5:3-11). An expression of feeling by way of benediction or blessing.

Bra-chy’-lo-gi-a; or, Brachyology

A special form of Ellipsis (Gen_25:32). See Ellipsis I.3.

Cat-a’-bas-is; or, Gradual Descent

(Php_2:6-8). The opposite of Anabasis. Used to emphasise humiliation, sorrow, etc.

Cat’-a-chres-is; or, Incongruity

One word used for another, contrary to the ordinary usage and meaning of it.

1.    Of two words, where the meanings are remotely akin (Lev_26:30).

2.    Of two words, where the meanings are different (Exo_5:21).

3.    Of one word, where the Greek receives its real meaning by permutation from another language (Gen_1:5. Mat_8:6).

Cat’-a-ploc’-e; or, Sudden Exclamation

(Eze_16:23). This name is given to a parenthesis when it takes the form of a sudden exclamation.

Chleu-as’-mos; or, Mocking

(Psa_2:4). An expression of feeling by mocking and jeering.

Chron’-o-graph’-i-a; or, Description of Time

(Joh_10:22). The teaching of something important by mentioning the time of an occurrence.

Climax; or, Gradation

(2Pe_1:5-7). Anadiplosis repeated in successive sentences (see "Anadiplosis", above).

Coe’-no-tes; or, Combined Repetition

(Psa_118:8; Psa_118:9). The repetition of two different phrases, one at the beginning, and the other at the end of successive paragraphs.

Correspondence.

This term is applied to repetition of a subject or subjects, which reappear in varying order, thus determing the "Structure" of any portion of the Sacred Text. This Correspondence is found in the folowing forms:-

1.    Alternate. Where the subjects of the alternate members correspond with each other, either by way of similarity or contrast.

a.    Extended. Where there are two series, but each consisting of several members (Psa_72:2-17. Psalm 132.).

b.    Repeated. Where there are more than two series of subjects, either consisting of two members each (Psalm 26. Psalm 145.), or consisting of more than two members each (Psalm 24).

2.    Introverted. Where the first subject of the one series of members corresponds with the last subject of the second (Gen_43:3-5. Lev_14:51; Lev_14:52).

3.    Complex or Combined. Where both Alternation and Introversion are combined together in various ways (Exo_20:8-11. Psalm 105).

Cy-clo-id’-es; or, Circular Repetition

(Psa_80:3; Psa_80:7; Psa_80:19). The repetition of the same phrase at regular intervals.

De’-i-sis; or, Adjuration

(Deu_4:26). An expression of feeling by oath or asseveration.

Dep-re-ca’-ti-o; or, Deprecation

(Exo_32:32). An expression of feeling by the way of deprecation.

Di’-a-log-is-mos; or, Dialogue

(Isa_63:1-6). When one or more persons are represented as speaking about a thing, instead of saying it oneself.

Di’-a-syrm-os; or, Raillery

(Mat_26:50). Tearing away disguise, and showing up a matter as it really is.

Di-ex’-od-os; or, Expansion

(Jud_1:12; Jud_1:13). A lengthening out by copious exposition of facts.

Ec’-pho-ne’-sis; or, Exclamation

(Rom_7:24). An outburst of words, prompted by emotion.

Ei’-ron-ei-a; or, Irony.

The expression of thought in a form that naturally conveys its opposite.

1.    Divine Irony. Where the speaker is Divine (Gen_3:22. Jdg_10:14).

2.    Human Irony. Where the speaker is a human being ( Job_12:2).

3.    Peirastic Irony. By way of trying or testing (Gen_22:2).

4.    Simulated Irony. Where the words are used by man in dissimulation (Gen_37:19. Mat_27:40).

5.    Deceptive Irony. Where words are clearly false as well as hypocritical (Gen_3:4; Gen_3:5. Mat_2:8).

E-jac’-u-la’-ti-o; or, Ejaculation

(Hos_9:14). A parenthesis which consists of a short wish or prayer.

El-eu’-ther-i’-a; or, Candour

(Luk_13:32). The speaker, without intending offence, speaks with perfect freedom and boldness.

El-lips’-is; or, Omission

When a gap is purposely left in a sentence through the omissiion of some word or words.

I.    Absolute Ellipsis. Where the omitted word or words are to be supplied from the nature of the subject.

1.    Noun and Pronouns (Gen_14:19; Gen_14:20. Psa_21:12).

2.    Verbs and participles (Gen_26:7. Psa_4:2).

3.    Certain connected words in the same member of a passage (Gen_25:32. Mat_25:9). Called Brachyology.

4.    A whole clause in a connected passage (Gen_30:27. 1Ti_1:3; 1Ti_1:4).

II.    Relative Ellipsis.

1.    Where the omitted word is to be supplied from a cognate word in the context (Psa_76:11).

2.    Where the omitted word is to be supplied from a related or contrary word (Gen_33:10. Psa_7:11).

3.    Where the omitted word is to be supplied from analogous or related words (Gen_50:23. Isa_38:12).

4.    Where the omitted word is contained in another word, the one word comprising the two significations (Gen_43:33).

III.    Ellipsis of Repitition.

1.    Simple; where the Ellipsis is to be supplied from a preceding or a succeding clause (Gen_1:30. 2Co_6:16).

2.    Complex; where the two clauses are mutually involed, and the Ellipsis in the former clause is to be supplied from the latter; and, at the same time, an Ellipsis in the latter clause it be supplied from the former (Heb_12:20).

E-nan-ti-o’-sis; or, Contraries

(Luk_7:44-46). Affirmatation or negation by contraries.

En’-thy-me-ma; or, Omission of Premiss

(Mat_27:19). Where the conclusion is stated, and one or both of the premisses are omitted.

Ep-i-dip’-lo-sis; or, Double Encircling

(Psa_47:6). Repeated Epanadiplosis (see below).

Ep’-an-a-di-plo’-sis; or, Encircling

(Gen_9:3. Psa_27:14). The repetition of the same word or words at the beginning and end of a sentence.

Ep’-an-a-leps’is; or, Resumption

(1Co_10:29. Php_1:24). The repetition of the same word after a break or parenthesis.

Ep-an’-od-os; or, Inversion

(Gen_10:1-31. Isa_6:10). The repetition of the same word or words in an inverse order, the sense being unchanged.

Ep’-an-or-tho-sis; or, Correction

(Joh_16:32). A recalling of what has been said in order to substitute something stronger in its place.

Ep-i’-bo-le; or, Overlaid Repetition

(Psa_29:3; Psa_29:4; Psa_29:5; Psa_29:7; Psa_29:8; Psa_29:9). The repetition of the same phrase at irregular intervals.

Ep’-i-cri’-sis; or, Judgement

(Joh_12:33). A short sentence added at the end by way of an additional conclusion.

Ep’-i-mo-ne; or, Lingering

(Joh_21:15-17). Repetition in order to dwell upon, for the sake of impressing.

Ep’-i-pho-ne’-ma; or, Exclamation

(Psa_135:21). An exclamation at the conclusion of a sentence.

Ep-i’-pho-za; or, Epistrophe in Argument

(2Co_11:22). The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive sentences used in argument.

Ep-i-stro-phe; or, Like Sentence-Endings

(Gen_13:6. Psa_24:10). The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive sentences.

Ep-i’-ta-sis; or, Amplification

(Exo_3:19). Where a concluding sentence is added by way of increasing the emphasis.

Ep’-i-ther-a-pei’-a; or, Qualification

(Php_4:10). A sentence added at the end to heal, soften, mitigate, or modify what has been before said.

Ep-i’-the-ton; or, Epithet

(Gen_21:16. Luk_22:41). The naming of a thing by describing it.

Ep’-i-ti-me’-sis; or, Reprimand

(Luk_24:25). An expression of feeling by way of censure, reproof, or reproach.

Ep’i-tre-chon; or, Running Along

(Gen_15:13. Joh_2:9). A sentence, not complete in itself, thrown in as an explanatory remark. A form of Parenthesis (see below).

Ep’-i-troch-as’-mos; or Summarising

(Heb_11:32). A running lightly over by way of summary.

Ep-i’-trop-e; or, Admission

(Ecc_11:9). Admission of wrong, in order to gain what is right.

Ep’-i-zeux’-is; or, Duplication

(Gen_22:11. Psa_77:16). The repetition of the same word in the same sense.

Er’-o-te-sis; or, Interrogating

(Gen_13:9. Psa_35:10). The asking of questions, not for information, or for an answer. Such questions may be asked (1) in positive affirmation, (2) in negative affirmation, (3) in afffirmative negation, (4) in demonstration, (5) in wonder and admiration, (6) in rapture, (7) in wishes, (8) in refusals and denials, (9) in doubts, (10) in admonition, (11), in expostulation, (12) in prohibition or dissuasion, (13) in pity and commiseration, (14) in disparagement, (15) in reproaches, (16) in lamentation, (17) in indignation, (18) in absurdities and impossibilities, (19) double questions.

Eth’-o-poe’-i-a; or, Description of Manners

(Isa_3:16). A description of a person’s peculiarities as to manners, caprices, habits, etc..

Eu’-che; or, Prayer

(Isa_64:1-2). An expression of feeling by way of prayer,curse, or imprecation.

Eu’-phem-is’-mos; or, Euphemy

(Gen_15:15). Where a pleasing expression is used for one that is unpleasant.

Exemplum ; or, Example

(Luk_17:32). Concluding a sentence by employing an example.

Ex-er-gas’-i-a; or Working Out

(Zec_6:12; Zec_6:13). A repetition so as to work out or illustrate what has already been said.

Ex’-ou-then-is’-mos; or, Contempt

(2Sa_6:20). An expression of feeling by way of contempt.

Gno’-me; or, Quotation

The citation of a well-known saying without quoting the author’s name.

1.    Where the sense originally intended is preserved, though the words may vary (Mat_26:31).

2.    Where the original sense is modified in the quotation or reference (Mat_12:40).

3.    Where the sense is quite different from that which was first intended (Mat_2:15).

4.    Where the words are from the Hebrew or from the Septuagint (Luk_4:18).

5.    Where the words are varied by omission, addition, or transposition (1Co_2:9).

6.    Where the words are changed by a reading, or an inference, or in number, person, mood, or tense. (Mat_4:7).

7.    Where two or more citations are amalgamated (Mat_21:13).

8.    Where Quotations are from books other than the Bible (Act_17:28).

Hen-di’-a-dys; or, Two for One

(Gen_2:9. Eph_6:18). Two words used, but one thing meant.

Hen-di’-a-tris; or, Three for One

(Dan_3:7). Three words used, but one thing meant.

Her-men’-ei-a; or, Interpretation

(Joh_7:39). An explanation immediately following a statement to make it more clear.

Het’-er-o’-sis; or, Exchange of Accidence.

Exchange of one voice, mood, tense, person, number, degree, or gender for another.

1.    Of forms and voices (1Pe_2:6).

2.    Of moods (Gen_20:7. Exo_20:8).

3.    Of tenses (Gen_23:11. Mat_3:18).

4.    Of persons (Gen_29:27. Dan_2:36).

5.    Of adjectives (degree) and adverbs (2Ti_1:18).

6.    Of nouns (number), adjectives, and pronouns (Gen_3:8. Heb_7:7).

Ho-moe-o’-pto-ton; or, Like Inflections

(2Ti_3:2; 2Ti_3:3). Similar endings arising from the same inflection of verbs, nouns, etc. . This figure belongs peculiarly to the original languages.

He-moe-o-pro’-pher-on; or, Alliteration

(Judges 5). The repetiton of the same letter or syllable at commencement of successive words.

Heo’-moe-o-tel-eu’-ton; or, Like Endings

(Mar_12:30). The repetition of the same letters or syllables at the end of successive words. Used also of an omision in the text caused by such-like endings: the scribe’s eye going back to the latter of such similar words, instead of the former. See Jos_2:1.

Hyp-al’-la-ge; or, Interchange

(Gen_10:9. 1Ki_17:4). A word logically belonging to one connection is grammatically united with another.

Hyp-er’bat-on; or, Transposition

(Rom_5:8). The placing of a word out of its usual order in a sentence.

Hy-per’-bo-le; or Exaggeration

(Gen_41:47. Deu_1:28). When more is said than is literally meant.

Hy’-po-cat-as’-ta-sis; or, Implication

(Mat_15:13; Mat_16:6). An implied resemblance or representation.

Hy-po-ti-me’-sis; or, Under Estimating

(Rom_3:5). Parenthetic addition by way of apology or excuse.

Hy’-po-ty-po’-sis; or, Word Picture

(Isa_5:26-30). Representation of objects or actions by words.

Hys’-ter-e-sis; or, Subsequent Narration

(Gen_31:7; Gen_31:8. Psa_105:8). When later record gives supplemental or new particulars, not inserted in the historical record.

Hys’-ter-o-log’-ia; or, The First Last

(Genesis 10 and 11. 2Samuel 24). A prior mention of a subsequent event.

Id-i-o’-ma; or, Idiom

The peculiar usage of words and phrases, as illustrated in the language peculiar to one nation or tribe, as opposed to other languages or dialects.

1.    Idiomatic usage of verbs (Gen_42:38. 1Jn_1:10).

2.    Special idiomatic usages of nouns and verbs (Gen_33:11. Jer_15:16).

3.    Idiomatic degrees of comparison (Luk_22:15).

4.    Idiomatic use of prepositions (Luk_22:49).

5.    Idiomatic use of numerals (Psa_103:2).

6.    Idsiomatic forms of quotations (Psa_109:5).

7.    Idiomatic forms of question (

Luk_22:49).

8.    Idiomatic phrases (Gen_6:2; Gen_6:4. Mat_11:25).

9.    Idioms arising from other figures of speech (see notes in margin).

10.    Chages of usage of words in the Greek language (Gen_43:18. Mat_5:25).

11.    Changes of usage of words in the English language (Gen_24:21. 2Ki_3:9).

In’-ter-jec’-ti-o; or, Interjection

(Psa_42:2). Parenthetic addition by way of feeling.

Mal’-e-dic’-ti-o; or, Imprecation

(Isa_3:11). Expression of feeling by way of malediction and execration.

Mei-o’-sis; or a Belittleing

(Gen_18:27. Num_13:33). A belittleing of one thing to magnify another.

Me-ris’-mos; or, Distribution

(Rom_2:6-8). An enumeration of the parts of a whole which has been just previously mentioned.

Mes-ar-chi’-a; or, Beginning and Middle Repetition

(Ecc_1:2). The repetition of the same word or words at the beginning and middle of successive sentences.

Mes-o-di-plo’-sis; or, Middle Repetition

(2Co_4:8; 2Co_4:9). The repetition of the same word or words in the middle of successive sentences.

Mes-o-tel-eu’-ton; or, Middle and End Repetition

(2Ki_19:7). The repetition of the same word or words in the middle and at the end of successive sentences.

Met-a’-bas-is-; or, Transition

(1Co_12:31). A passing from one subject to another.

Met’-a-lep’-sis; or, Double Metonymy

(Gen_19:8. Ecc_12:6. Hos_14:2). Two metonymies, one contained in the other, but only one expressed.

Met-al’-la-ge; or, a Changing Over

(Hos_4:18). A different subject of thought substituted for the original subject.

Met’-a-phor’ or, Representation

(Mat_26:26). A declaration that one thing is (or represents ) another: while Simile resembles it, and Hypocatastasis implies it.

Met-a-sta-sis; or, Counter-Blame

(1Ki_18:17; 1Ki_18:18). A transferring of the blame from one’s self to another.

Met-o’-ny-my; or, Change of Noun

When one name or noun is used instead of another, to which it stands in a certain relation.

1.    Of the Cause. When the cause is put for the effect (Gen_23:8. Luk_16:29).

2.    Of the Effect. When the effect is put for the cause producing it (Gen_25:23. Act_1:18).

3.    Of the Subject. When the subject is put for something pertaining to it (Gen_41:13. Deu_28:5).

4.    Of the Adjunct. When something pertaining to the subject is put for the subject itself (Gen_28:22. Job_32:7).

Mi-me-sis; or, Description of Sayings

(Exo_15:9). Used when the sayings and etc., of another are described or imitated by way of emphasis.

Neg-a’-ti-o; or, Negattion

(Gal_2:5). A denial of that which has not been affirmed.

Oe’-on-is’-mos; or, Wishing

(Psa_55:6). An expression of feeling by way of wishing or hoping for a thing.

Ox’-y-mor-on; or Wise-Folly

(1Ti_5:6). A wise saying that seems foolish.

Pae-sn’-si’-mos; or, Exultation

(Zep_3:14). Calling on others to rejioce over something.

Pal’-in-od’-i-a; or, Retracting

(Rev_2:6). Approval of one thing after reproving for another thing.

Par-a-bol-a; or, Parable i.e., Continued Simile

(Luk_14:16-24). Comparison by continued resemblance.

Par’-a-di-a’-stol-e; or, Neithers and Nors

(Exo_20:10. Rom_8:35; Rom_8:38; Rom_8:39). The repetition of the disjunctives niether and nor, or, either and or.

Par’-ae-net’-ic-on; or, Exhortation

(1Timothy 2). An expression of feeling by way of exhortation.

Par-a-leips-is; or, a Passing By

(Heb_11:32). When a wish is expressed to pass by a subject, which is, notwithstanding, briefly alluded by subsequently.

Parallelism; or Parallel Lines

The repetition of similar, synonymous, or opposite thoughts or words in parallel or successive lines. Compare to "Correspondence".

1.    Simple synonymous , or gradational . When the lines are parallel in thought, and in the use of synonymous words (Gen_4:23; Gen_4:24. Psa_1:1).

2.    Simple antithetic , or opposite. When the words are contrasted in the two or more lines, being opposed in sense the one to the other (Pro_10:1).

3.    Simple synthetic , or constructive. When the parallelism consists only in the similar form of construction (Psa_19:7-9).

4.    Complex alternate . When the lines are placed alternately (Gen_19:25. Pro_24:19; Pro_24:20).

5.    Complex repeated alternation . The repetition of two parallel subjects in several lines (Isa_65:21; Isa_65:22).

6.    Complex extended alternation . Alternation extended so as to consist of three or more lines (Jdg_10:17).

7.    Complex introversion . When the parallel lines are so placed that the first corresponds with the last, the second with the last but one, etc. (Gen_3:19. 2Ch_32:7; 2Ch_32:8).

Par-ec’-bas-is; or, Digression

(Gen_2:8-15). A temporary turning aside from one subject to another.

Par-e-che’-sis; or, Foreign Paronomasia

(Rom_15:4). The repetition of words similar in sound, but different in language.

Par-eg’-men-on; or, Derivation

(Mat_16:18). The repetition of words derived from the same root.

Par-em’-bol’-e; or, Insertion

(Php_3:18; Php_3:19). Inseration of a sentence between others which is independent and complete in itself.

Par-en’-the-sis; or, Parenthesis

(2Pe_1:19). Insertion of a word or sentence, parenthetically, which is necessary to explain the context.

Par-oe’-mi-a; or Proverb

(Gen_10:9. 1Sa_10:12). A wayside-saying in common use.

Par’-o-moe-o’-sis; or, Like-Sounding Inflections

(Mat_11:17). The repetition of inflections similar in sound.

Par-o-no-ma’-si-a: or, Rhyming Words

(Gen_18:27). The repetition of words similar in sound, but not necessarily in sense.

Path’-o-poe’-i-a; or, Pathos

(Luk_19:41; Luk_19:42). The expression of feeling or emotion.

Per-i’-phras-is; or, Circumlocution

(Gen_20:16. Jdg_5:10). When a description is used instead of the name.

Per-i’-stas-is;or, Description of Circumstances

(Joh_4:6).

Ple’-on-asm; or, Redundancy

Where what is said is, immediately after, put in another or opposite way to make it impossible for the sense to be missed.
The Figure may affect (1) words (Gen_16:8); or (2) sentences (Gen_1:20. Deu_32:6).

Plok’-e; or, Word-Folding

(Jer_34:17). The repetition of the same word in a different sense, implying more than the first use of it.

Po-ly-o-ny’-mi-a; or, Many Names

(Gen_26:34; Gen_26:35. 2Ki_23:13). Persons or places mentioned under different names.

Po-ly-pto’-ton; or, Many Inflections

The repetition of the same part of speech in different inflections.

1.    Verbs (Gen_50:24. 2Ki_21:13).

2.    Nouns and pronouns (Gen_9:25. Rom_11:36).

3.    Adjectives (2Co_9:8).

Po’ly-syn’de-ton; or, Many Ands

(Gen_22:9; Gen_22:11. Jos_7:24. Luk_14:21). The repetition of the word "and" at the beginning of successive clauses, each independent, important, and emphatic, with no climax at the end (Compare Aysndeton and Luk_14:13).

Prag’-mato-graph-i-a; or Description of Actions

(Joe_2:1-11).

Pro-ec’-the-sis; or Justification

(Mat_12:12). A sentence added at the end by way of justification.

Pro-lep’s-is, (Ampliatio); or, Anticipation

(Heb_2:8). Anticipating what is going to be, and speaking of future things as present.

Pro-lep’s-is, (Occupatio); or, Anticipation.

Answering an argument by anticipating it before it is used.

1.    Open. When the anticipated objection is both answered and stated (Mat_3:9).

2.    Closed. When the anticipated objection is either not plainly stated or not answered (Rom_10:18).

Pros-a-po’-do-sis; or, Detailing

(Joh_16:8-11). A return to previous words or subjects for purposes of definition or explanation.

Pros’-o-po-graph’-i-a; or, Description of Persons

(Mat_3:4). A vivid description of a person by detailed delineation.

Pros’-o-po-poe’-i-a; or, Personification

Things represented as persons.

1.    The members of the human body (Gen_48:14. Psa_35:10).

2.    Animals (Gen_9:5. Job_12:7).

3.    The products of the earth (Nah_1:4).

4.    Inanimate things (Gen_4:10).

5.    Kingdoms, countries, and states (Psa_45:12).

6.    Human actions, etc., attributed to things, etc. (Gen_18:20. Psa_85:10).

Pro’-ther-a-pei’-a; or, Conciliation

(Mat_19:16). Conciliating others, by way of precaution, because of something we are about to say.

Pro’-ti-me-sis; or, Description of Order

(1Co_15:5-8). The enumeration of things according to their places of honour or importance.

Repeated Negation; or Many Noes

(Joh_10:28). The repetition of divers negatives.

Repetitio; or, Repetition

(2Ch_20:35-37. Joh_14:1-4). Repetition of the same word or words irregularly in the same passage.

Sim’-i-le; or, Resemblance

(Gen_25:25. Mat_7:24-27). A declaration that one thing resembles another. (Compare Metaphor, above.)

Sim’-ul-ta’-ne-um; or Insertion

(Rev_16:13-16). A kind of historical parenthesis, an event being put out of its historical place between two others which are simultaneous.

Syl-leps’-is; or, Combination

(2Ch_31:8). The repetition of the sense without the repetition of the word.

Syl-leps’-is; or, Change in Concord

(Joh_21:12). A change in the grammatical concord in favour of a logical concord.

Syl’-lo-gis’-mus; or, Omission of the Conclusion

(1Sa_17:4-7). The conclusion, though implied, is unexpressed, in order to add emphasis to it.

Symbol

(Isa_22:22). A material object substituted for a moral, or spiritual truth.

Sym’-per-as’-ma; or, Concluding Summary

(Mat_1:17). When what has been said is briefly summed up.

Sym’-plo-ke; or, Interwining

(1Co_15:42-44). The repetition of different words in successive sentences in the same order and the same sense.

Syn’-ath-roes’-mos; or, Enumeration

(1Ti_4:1-3). The enumeration of the parts of a whole which has not been mentioned.

Syn’-cho-re’-sis; or, Concession

(Hab_1:13). Making a concession of one point in order to gain another.

Syn’-cri-sis; or, Repeated Simile

(Isa_32:2). Repetition of a number of resemblances.

Syn-ec’-do-che; or, Transfer

The exchange of one idea for another associated idea.

1.    Of the Genus. When the genus is put for the species, or universals for particulars (Gen_6:12. Mat_3:5).

2.    Of the Species. When the species is put for the genus, or particulars for universals (Gen_3:19. Mat_6:11).

3.    Of the Whole. When the whole is put for a part (Gen_6:12).

4.    Of the Part. When a part is put for the whole (

Gen_3:19. Mat_27:4).

Syn’-oe-cei-o’-sis; or, Cohabitation

(Mat_19:16; Mat_19:17). The repetition of the same word in the same sentence with an extended meaning.

Syn-o-ny-mi-a; or, Synonymous Words

(Pro_4:14; Pro_4:15). The repetition of words similar in sense, but different in sound and origin.

Syn’-the-ton; or, Combination

(Gen_18:27). A placing together of two words by usage.

Ta-pei-no’-sis; or, Demeaning

(Gen_27:44. Rom_4:19). The lessoning of a thing in order to increase and intensify that same thing. (Compare Meiosis.)

Thau-mas’-mos; or, Wondering

(Rom_11:33). An expression of feeling by way of wonder.

Tme’-sis; or, Mid-Cut

(Eph_6:8). A change by which one word is cut in two, and another word put in between.

Top’-o-graph’-i-a; or, Description of Place

(Isa_10:28-32). Throwing light on the subject dealt with by alluding to locality.

Type

(Rom_5:14). A figure or ensample of something future, and more or less prophetic, called the Anti-type.

Zeug’-ma; or, Unequal Yoke

When one verb is yoked on to two subjects, while grammatically a second verb is required.

1.    Proto-zeugma, or, Ante-yoke or Fore-yoke (Gen_4:20. 1Ti_4:3).

2.    Meso-zeugma, or, Middle yoke (Luk_1:64).

3.    Hypo-zeugma, or End yoke (Act_4:27; Act_4:28).

4.    Syne-zeugmenon, or, Joint yoke (Exo_20:18).

The only work on Biblical Figures of speech in the English language is by Dr. Bullinger (Published by Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1898.), from which we have taken the whole of the information given here as well as the marginal notes. He has classified some 217 separate figures (some of them with many varieties or subdivisions), and has given over 8,000 illustrations.

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